The French Medicines Agency (ANSM) has ordered 11 pharmaceutical laboratories, including the French Biogaran and the Swiss Sandoz, to pay a total of eight million euros for not maintaining sufficient stocks of the most vital molecules. A sanction of unprecedented magnitude, in a context of shortages. Since September 2021, manufacturers must have two months of stock of their products of major therapeutic interest (MITM). Explanations from Nathalie Coutinet, health economist specializing in the pharmaceutical industry and lecturer at the University of Paris 13.